Who Wrote The Declaration Of Independence?
The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in American history. It declared that the 13 British colonies were independent of Great Britain. But who actually wrote this groundbreaking document? The primary author was none other than Thomas Jefferson, a prominent figure in the American Revolution and later the third President of the United States. Understanding his role and the contributions of others provides a deeper appreciation for this pivotal moment in history.
The Primary Author: Thomas Jefferson
When we talk about the Declaration of Independence, the name that comes up most often is Thomas Jefferson. Born on April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia, Jefferson was a man of immense intellect and wide-ranging talents. He was a lawyer, architect, philosopher, and statesman. His education at the College of William & Mary honed his skills in writing and critical thinking, which would prove invaluable in drafting the Declaration.
Jefferson's writing style was known for its eloquence and clarity. He had a unique ability to articulate complex ideas in a way that resonated with a broad audience. This skill was evident in his other writings as well, including his contributions to the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and his Notes on the State of Virginia. His commitment to republican ideals and individual liberties made him the ideal choice to pen the document that would declare America's independence.
In June 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a Committee of Five to draft a statement declaring the reasons for the colonies' separation from Great Britain. The committee included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and, of course, Thomas Jefferson. Recognizing Jefferson's writing prowess, the committee unanimously chose him to write the first draft.
Jefferson worked diligently in his lodgings at Seventh and Market Streets in Philadelphia. Drawing upon Enlightenment ideals, particularly the philosophies of John Locke, he crafted a powerful and persuasive argument for independence. Locke's concept of natural rights – the rights to life, liberty, and property – heavily influenced Jefferson's assertion that all men are created equal and endowed with certain unalienable rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Jefferson presented his draft to the Committee of Five, who made some revisions. These changes were primarily aimed at making the document more acceptable to the diverse opinions within the Continental Congress. While Jefferson was initially protective of his original wording, he understood the necessity of compromise in achieving a unified declaration.
The Committee of Five: A Collaborative Effort
While Thomas Jefferson is credited as the primary author, it's important to remember that the Declaration of Independence was the result of a collaborative effort. The Committee of Five played a crucial role in reviewing, editing, and approving the document. Each member brought their own unique perspectives and expertise to the table.
John Adams of Massachusetts, a fiery advocate for independence, was instrumental in pushing for the declaration. He served as a strong voice in the Continental Congress and worked tirelessly to persuade his fellow delegates of the necessity of separation from Great Britain. Adams recognized Jefferson's talent and championed his selection as the primary author.
Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, a renowned scientist, inventor, and diplomat, lent his wisdom and experience to the drafting process. Franklin's edits focused on clarity and precision, ensuring that the document would be easily understood by both Americans and foreign audiences. His international reputation also added credibility to the declaration.
Roger Sherman of Connecticut, known for his practical and pragmatic approach to politics, brought a sense of balance to the committee. His contributions helped to ensure that the declaration would be grounded in the realities of colonial life and would address the concerns of a broad spectrum of the population.
Robert Livingston of New York, though less actively involved in the editing process, provided valuable legal expertise to the committee. His knowledge of British law and colonial governance helped to strengthen the legal arguments presented in the declaration.
The Committee of Five met several times to discuss Jefferson's draft, suggesting revisions and refinements. These discussions were often intense, reflecting the diverse opinions and interests of the colonies. However, the committee members were united in their commitment to crafting a declaration that would effectively communicate the reasons for American independence to the world.
The Continental Congress: Debate and Approval
Once the Committee of Five approved the draft, the Declaration of Independence was presented to the Continental Congress on June 28, 1776. For the next several days, the Congress debated the document, making further revisions and alterations. This was a crucial stage in the process, as the declaration needed to reflect the consensus of the delegates from all 13 colonies.
During the debates, several key changes were made to Jefferson's original draft. One significant alteration was the removal of a clause that condemned King George III for perpetuating the slave trade. This clause was controversial, as some delegates from Southern colonies, whose economies relied heavily on slavery, objected to its inclusion. In the interest of unity, the clause was ultimately removed.
Another important change was the addition of a more explicit statement of the colonies' grievances against the King. The delegates wanted to ensure that the declaration would provide a comprehensive list of the reasons for their separation from Great Britain. These grievances included accusations of imposing taxes without consent, quartering troops among the colonists, and obstructing colonial trade.
On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted to declare independence from Great Britain. Two days later, on July 4, the Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence. This momentous decision marked a turning point in American history, signaling the birth of a new nation founded on the principles of liberty, equality, and self-governance.
Jefferson's Legacy: Impact and Influence
The Declaration of Independence, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, has had a profound and lasting impact on the world. Its eloquent articulation of human rights and its bold assertion of self-governance have inspired countless movements for freedom and democracy around the globe. The document continues to be a source of inspiration and guidance for those who seek to build a more just and equitable world.
Jefferson's words, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness," have become iconic phrases in the American lexicon. They represent the core values of the nation and serve as a constant reminder of the ideals to which it aspires.
The Declaration of Independence has also influenced the development of international human rights law. Its principles have been incorporated into numerous international treaties and declarations, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948. This demonstrates the enduring relevance of Jefferson's vision and its continued impact on global affairs.
In addition to its influence on human rights, the Declaration of Independence has also shaped the course of American political thought. Its emphasis on individual liberty and limited government has resonated with generations of Americans, informing debates about the proper role of government and the protection of individual freedoms. The document remains a touchstone for political discourse and a source of inspiration for those who seek to uphold the principles of American democracy.
In conclusion, while Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, it was truly a collaborative effort involving the Committee of Five and the Continental Congress. The document stands as a testament to the power of words to shape history and inspire change. Its legacy continues to resonate today, reminding us of the enduring importance of liberty, equality, and self-governance.
